№ 2 (2) 2022
In this issue, we are launching a section that we consider very important, at least for the first few issues of the journal. This section is “From the Scientific Archives of the IIE UB RAS”. Here we will offer you scientific papers published earlier, in the 1990s–2000s, before the era of universal digitalization and the development of the Internet. Unfortunately, these scientific publications are now practically unavailable to specialists. At the same time, many of these works remain relevant. A large number of such works have accumulated in the scientific archives of the IIE UB RAS. Some of them were once presented at the meetings of the symposium “Atomic Urals, Industrial Urals”, the ideologist, inspirer and organizer of which was Viktor Nikolaevich Chukanov, the founder and first director of the IIE UB RAS. The section is opened by an article by V. A. Logachev, a leading scientist at the A. I. Burnazyan FMBC FMBA. The original work was included in the collection “Ural. Radiation. Rehabilitation”, published by the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2004.
Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
CONTENTS
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From the Editor-in-Chief I.V. Yarmoshenko |
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Preface to the article by V. A. Logachev “Radioecological situation in the Ural regions after nuclear tests in the atmosphere” M. V. Zhukovsky |
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Radioecological situation in the Ural regions after nuclear tests in the atmosphere (from Archives of IIE UB RAS) V. A. Logachev |
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CALCULATION OF THE INTENSITY OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE URAL CARBONIC POLYGON BY THE «GIANT CAMERA» METHOD A. V. Shevchenko, I. A. Yurkov, Y. I. Markelov The emission intensities of carbon dioxide and methane were estimated on the territory of the Kourovskaya Astronomical Observatory. K. A. Barkhatova (KAO) for the period 2021 – 2022. The results of measurements of concentrations in the surface layer of the atmosphere were used, which were carried out using a Picarro G2401 gas analyzer. The periods of night accumulations of carbon dioxide and methane in calm conditions were considered. Based on the measured concentrations, meteorological data, and calculated in the surface layer of the atmosphere heights, the emission intensity was calculated using the “giant chamber” method (night emissions). The average intensities of carbon dioxide and methane emissions over the observation period were 3560 ± 1700 and 16 ± 6 t/(km 2 · year), respectively. The results obtained were compared with the results of similar studies, in Yekaterinburg. The values of CO2 emission intensity for KAO and Yekaterinburg differ significantly, while for methane they remain slightly different within the uncertainty. Peculiarities of theseasonal dependence of the emission intensity for both territories were also revealed.
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ALUMINUM INDUSTRY WASTE: COMPOSITION, DIRECTIONS OF USE V. S. Glukhov, A. B. Makarov, G. G. Khasanova Relevance and purpose of the work. In the economy of the future, asignificant place will be given to the processing of various industrial wastes, among which, within the Ural region, the most significant volume is occupied by technogenic formations of the mining industry and the production of metals. One of the leading industries within the region is aluminum. Consideration of the material composition and further use is the subject of this work The purpose of the work is to characterize the material composition of technogenic formations of the aluminum industry and show the main directions of processing. Research methodology. The analysis of the available data on the material composition of the initial mineral raw materials – bauxites and technogenic mineral formations – wastes of the aluminum industry was carried out. To study red mud, modern analytical methods were used: X-ray phase analysis on a SHIMADZU XRD-7000 instrument, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry on an X-MAX instrument and particle morphology studies on a PHILIPS XL-30 electron microscope, X-ray fluorescence analysis on a Hitachi X-MET 8000 instrument.The material (chemical and mineral composition of technogenic – mineral formations) composition was studied, their specialization for rare metals was shown. Possible technologies for their processing as complex mineral raw materials are considered.
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DETERMINATION OF RADIONUCLIDE COMPOSITION AND ASSESSMENT OF POPULATION RADIATION DOSES DUE TO ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM RUSSIAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS A. A. Ekidin, M. E. Vasyanovich, A. V. Vasilev, I. A. Kapustin, A. I. Kryshev, T. G. Sazykina, I. V. Kosykh In 2017–2018, a radiation-technical survey of all sources of radioactive emissions from Russian NPPs was conducted for the first time. The goal of the survey was to identify the main dose-forming radionuclides in emissions from NPPs in the reactor plant operating mode at nominal power. New materials and methods made it possible to reduce the lower limit of measuring the volumetric activity of radioactive aerosols in emissions by three orders of magnitude, inert gases by two orders of magnitude, 3H and 14C by an order of magnitude compared to the standard methods used at NPPs. The maximum number of radionuclides, up to 26 isotopes, was recorded in emissions from NPPs with RBMK reactor plants. The values of annual effective radiation doses to the population in the areas where Russian NPPs are located do not exceed 10-5 Sv/year. For NPPs with VVER reactor units, the contribution to the annual dose from emissions into the atmosphere is mainly tritium, 14C and inert radioactive gases. For NPPs with RBMK reactor units, the main dose-forming radionuclide is 14C, which forms from 31% (Kursk NPP) to 98% (Bilibino NPP) of the annual effective dose of the population. For most Russian NPPs, with the exception of Kursk NPP (RBMK-1000), emissions of 60Co, 134Cs, 137Cs and other aerosols, which form the basis of NPP emission monitoring programs, do not make a significant contribution to the annual dose.
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CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROWING SEASON IN THE AREA OF THE CARBON POLYGON “URALCARBON” AND PROMISING LOCATIONS FOR CARBON FARMS IN THE MIDDLE URALS A. F. Teterin , A. N. Medvedev, I. V. Yarmoshenko The article is devoted to the meteorological studies at carbon polygons, a network of which has been created in Russian regions since 2020 in order to solve scientific and practical tasks of greenhouse gases monitoring and to develop a methodological basis for calculating the carbon balance of territories. Based on the analysis of long-term series of climatic data from meteorological stations located in three regions of the Urals (Ekaterinburg – since 1891, Revda – since 1928, Argayash – since 1938), the characteristics of the meteorological conditions of the growing season that have a direct impact on the emission and absorption of greenhouse gases in the area where the carbon polygon “Ural-Carbon” is established and the further carbon farms may locate. The dynamics of average monthly air temperatures, monthly total precipitation and average monthly hydrothermal coefficients has been studied. At all meteorological stations, an increase in average monthly air temperatures, the sums of average daily air temperatures and average air temperatures for the growing season was revealed. In general, the results point to climate warming in the studied areas, which corresponds to the conclusions of Russian and foreign scientists about the global warming. Significant long-term fluctuations in hydrothermal coefficients were revealed within the limits characteristic of various natural zones from desert to deciduous forests and taiga, as well as significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of different natural conditions at different stations. The results obtained can be used to carry out research at the polygon “Ural-Carbon” test site in assessing and predicting the carbon balance, as well as choosing the appropriate types of vegetation for creating carbon farms.
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RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS BASED ON MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES FOR PET AND SPECT IMAGING: BIOKINETIC MODELS AND DOSIMETRIC EVALUATIONS M. V. Zhukovsky, A. D. Onishchenko The paper presents the results of the computational construction of biokinetic models of diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals based on monoclonal antibodies (MAB) labeled with various radionuclides. The models were created based on clinical, biophysical and nuclear physical data published in the scientific literature. The development of biokinetic models was made for two variants of the release of radioactive metals during the bio destruction of MAB: in ionic form with subsequent redistribution between organs and tissues and associated with chelate complexes with rapid excretion in the urine. For MAB labeled with iodine isotopes, a model has been developed that considers the release of iodine in the organic form. Using the developed biokinetic models, numerical values of dose coefficients for organs and tissues were calculated for diagnostic injections of monoclonal antibodies labeled with 99mTc, 111In, 89Zr, 123I, 124I, 131I, 64Cu, 134Ce+134La, 140Nd+140Pr, 152Tb, 155Tb and 167Tm. It has been demonstrated that considering the release of radio-nuclides-metals in the ionic form or isotopes of iodine in the organic form during the decay of MAT leads to an increase in estimates of the numerical dose coefficients for organs and tissues by about one and a half times. This effect is more pronounced for radioactive labels with a relatively long (several days) half-life.
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