Preface to the article “Comprehensive ecological study of the Techa, Iset and Miass rivers”

A. A. Ekidin

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Comprehensive ecological study of the Techa, Iset and Miass rivers (from Archives of IIE UB RAS)

V. N. Chukanov, A. V. Trapeznikov, A. A. Ekidin, A. V. Vozhakov, V. G. Lisovskikh, V. N. Trapeznikova, I. V. Yarmoshenko

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ASSESSMENT OF THE SEDIMENT SUPPLY FROM THE CATCHMENT INTO A WATER BODY IN AN URBAN AREA

A. A. Seleznev, A. V. Shevchenko, V. S. Gluhov, G. P. Malinovsky

An assessment was made for surface sediment supply from the catchment into a water body located in an urban area. The study was carried out on the example of Ekaterinburg (Russia). Two shallow, undrained small water bodies were selected in the city: Chemodanchik
and water body in Kharitonovsky Garden. The water bodies are located in different parts of the city, are of anthropogenic origin, and have a recreational function. Field survey and cartographic analysis of watershed territories, determination of bathymetric and morphometric parameters of water bodies, sampling of bottom sediment columns were carried out. The assessment of total amount of the bottom sediments in water bodies was carried out using three-dimensional triangulation model. The RUSLE model was used to estimate the sediment transport from the catchment. The parameters of the RUSLE model were calculated on the basis of the known total amount of bottom sediments (for Chemodanchik 953 t, Kharitonovsky Garden 967 t with the average thickness of bottom sediments in the reservoirs 49 and 31 cm, respectively). The resulting estimates of sedimentation rates in the catchments were as follows: for the Chemodanchik reservoir in the recreation area 0.4 – 3.7, in the forest area 0.001 – 0.4 t/m2/year, for the Kharitonovsky garden 0.3 – 10, in the forest area 0.01 – 0.02, and in the park 0.02 – 2 t/m2/year.

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SPATIAL AND TIME VARIATIONS OF CH4 CONCENTRATION IN THE SURFACE ATMOSPHERIC LAYER OF THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION BASED ON THE CAMS DATABASE

S. K. Dzholumbetov, Yu. I. Markelov

Based on the CAMS reanalysis database, spatial and temporal variations in the CH4 concentration near the surface on the territory of the Russian Federation for the period 2009 2019 were studied. The work also evaluates the impact of the following parameters on the
change in methane concentration: anthropogenic emissions; soil temperature and moisture; precipitation; emissions from fires; wind speed; biogenic emissions; the height of the surface layer of the atmosphere. The high content of methane and anthropogenic emissions is mainly located in the southwestern part of the Russian Federation, as well as in the middle Urals and southern Siberia. In all federal districts, with the exception of the Ural Federal District, a positive trend is observed for anthropogenic emissions. The maximum increase in CH4 concentration was obtained for the PFD by 98 ppb with an av-erage annual rate of 9.75 ppb/year. It is assumed that this growth is largely due to anthro-pogenic emissions. It was found that powerful fires in the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District, Siberian Federal District and Ural Federal District, both directly and indirectly affect the increase in methane concentration. For the Far Eastern Federal District, an average positive relationship with the horizontal wind speed was found. Nutrient emissions are a key factor influencing the change in the CH4 content for the Central Federal District, as well as the North Caucasus Federal District and the Southern Federal District, which are caused by an increase in temperature and soil moisture, respectively. Thus, it can be assumed that in the territory of the Russian Federation for the period 2009-2019. The greatest contribution to the process of increasing the concentration of methane is made by natural sources, such as fires and soil emissions. However, in some cases, the increase is associated with anthropogenic emissions.

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BACTERIOCENOSES ASSOCIATED WITH URBAN SURFACE DEPOSITED SEDIMENTS IN EKATERINBURG: A PILOT STUDY

M. V. Modorov, G. A. Lihodeevskiy, A. A. Seleznev, I. V. Yarmoshenko, G. P. Malinovsky

Using the method of high-throughput sequencing, the composition of bacteriocenoses associated with urban surface deposited sediments in Ekaterinburg was studied. Information about the composition of the bacterial community has been received. The paper provides a list of taxa of bacteria associated with the urban sediments in Ekaterinburg. Nine taxa from this list are pathogens. At least two identified species from this list, namely Salmonella bongori and Shigella boydii, are capable of causing infection in people with “normal” immune levels. The chosen method of DNA isolation gave a very low yield of the target product, which we attribute to the use of the commercial innuSPEED Soil DNA Kit (Analytik Jena, Germany). Due to methodological difficulties, it was not possible to assess the structure of bacteriocenoses

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NEUTRONS OF REACTOR INSTALLATIONS JSC «SSC RIAR»

M. D. Pyshkina, A. V. Vasilyev, A. A. Ekidin, E. I. Nazarov, V. V. Avdonin

Measurements of the energy distribution of the flux density and the anisotropy of neutron radiation were carried out at the workplaces of the personnel of JSC “MCP RIAR” in the premises of bld. 106 and building. 120. At workplaces there are neutron fields both with a
high component of fast neutrons (SM-3 cover) and low-energy fields behind biological protection. Taking neutron anisotropy into account, the reference value Hp (10) was calculated using the conversion factors from flux density to individual dose equivalent hp (10, θ) for each
of 4 angles (0°, ±90° and 180°). The obtained values were compared with the readings of individual dosimeters to determine the correction factors for a particular workplace. This paper presents results that demonstrate the complexity and thoroughness required for
measurements in neutron fields at workplaces. Knowledge of the characteristics of neutron energy and their directional distribution is important for ensuring the safety of radiation hazardous objects.

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SPECIFIC RADIOACTIVE WASTE RATES AT PWR AND BWR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

D. D. Desyatov, D. A. Terentiev, A. C. Fadeeva, A. A. Ekidin, M. D. Pyshkina

The article shows the differences in the specific waste rate generation during the electricity production at NPPs of the two most common types of reactor facilities PWR and BWR in the world. The specific waste rate is special for each NPP and shows the generation
of each radioactive waste category during electricity generation in units of activity and/or volume of radioactive waste per unit of electricity generated (GBq/GW∙h) and (m3/GW∙h). According to published data on the radioactive waste generation from US NPPs for the period 2005-2020 the average and median values of the annual specific waste rates generation for each NPP, taking into account the type of reactor installations, were obtained. The highest values of specific waste rates for almost all categories of radioactive waste were typical for NPPs with BWR reactor installations. The medians of the specific waste rate of solid waste at the BWR NPP according to the classes a, b, c, d adopted in the USA are equal 6,00∙10-1 (1,80∙10-3), 4,82∙10-3 (2,13∙10-2),1,70∙100 (1,05∙10-4), 2,30∙10-4 (1,80∙10-3) GBk/Gwh (m3/Gwh). NPPs with BWR-type reactor plants are characterized by a high value of specific waste rates (GBk/GWh) and (m3/Gwh).

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MORTALITY FROM MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS OF THE THYROID GLAND IN THE TERRITORIES IN THE CHELYABINSK, SVERDLOVSK AND KURGAN REGIONS AFFECTED BY RADIATION ACCIDENTS

L. G. Konshina, A. A. Zhivoderov

Since the middle of the twentieth century, there has been a steady increase in the incidence and mortality from thyroid cancer (thyroid gland), which is mainly a consequence of the increase in iodine-131 contamination. The main sources of which in the studied area were:
emissions from the Mayak plant, nuclear weapons tests and the Chernobyl disaster. The standardized mortality from malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland in the territories exposed to radioactive emissions into the atmosphere from the activities of the Mayak project was analyzed. The aim of the work is to study the levels and dynamics of mortality from malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland in cities and rural areas of three regions: Chelyabinsk, Kurgan and Sverdlovsk, in vicinity of the Mayak plant, over a 50-year period. Results. There is an increase in mortality rates from malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland in the 1950s and 1960s in the cities of Kyshtym and Kasli: up to 2.3–3.0 per 100,000, in Argayash and Kasli districts – up to 1.2–2.1. In the Sverdlovsk region, the highest figures were recorded among residents of the Sinarsky district of Kamensk-Uralsky: in the 1950s and early 1960s, up to 2.5 per 100,000 population. In Kamyshlov from the mid-1950s to the 1970s, the values ranged from 1.4 to 1.8. In Kamensky, Bogdanovichsky and Kamyshlovsky districts, mortality rates in the 1950s and 1960s did not exceed 0.9 per 100,000 population. In the cities and rural areas of the Kurgan region in the 1950s and in the 1960s, the mortality rate was 0.7–0.8. There was a significant excess of the chances of dying from malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland in the polluted cities of the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions from 1952 to 1976 compared with the control. An increase in the risk of death from malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland was found in vicinity of the Mayak plant in the period 1947–1976. The excess of the risk of death over the control territories in rural areas was not revealed. In the age structure of mortality in radioactively contaminated territories, there is an increase in the proportion of children and young people.

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ADAPTATION OF THE DSC METHOD TO STUDY THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY COEFFICIENT OF POWDER MATERIALS

N. P. Starovoitov, S. A. Lukin, S. V. Korenev, V. A. Kazakov, V. A. Dudkin, P.V. Kozlov, P. A. Bobrov

By modifying the previously known method for measuring the thermal conductivity of solid, composite materials using differential scanning calorimetry, a new method for experimentally studying the thermophysical characteristics of powdered materials was
proposed and tested using U3O8 as an example. The advantage of this measurement technique in the study of active powders is shown. For powdered materials of various substances, the dependences of the thermal conductivity coefficient on temperature are determined. The applicability of this method was proved when working with real active samples of powdered materials to study their thermophysical properties and, in the future, to evaluate the parameters of safe handling and storage. Joint processing of the results of thermography of reference samples and powdered materials using the example of U3O8 with a density of 6.326 g/cm3 made it possible, with an error of no more than 1 %, to find the values of the thermal conductivity coefficient of the latter: λ(T, K) = 0.197 (429.75); 0.210 (505.05); 0.225 (692.65) W/(m∙K) at the melting temperatures of samples of indium, zinc and tin, respectively.

DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS OF DESTRUCTION BY EXPLOSION OF COAL MINE SANDSTONE SAMPLES IN A LABORATORY EXPERIMENT

K. N. Labinsky, A. N. Medvedev

The article is devoted to the topical issue of calculating the explosion destruction parameters of samples of host rocks from deep horizons of a coal mine. Knowledge of these parameters is required for operational adjustment of blasting technology, taking into account the rocks properties on which each mining is carried out. The adjustment is carried out in order to minimize the generation of unplanned vesicles that require additional backfilling, as well as excess volumes of dust and gas emissions that contribute to the deterioration of the
environmental situation in the mine area. The laboratory study results of the effect of the explosive charge detonation parameters on the shock wave velocity in explosive sandstone samples of the A.A. Skochinsky mine (Donetsk) are presented. The dependence between the relative velocity of the shock wave in sandstone and its density, the density and mass of explosives and the relative distance from the center of the charge is established. A discrete approach to determining the nonlinear dependence of the velocity of shock wave propagation in rock on the detonation parameters is proposed. A simple algorithm and a program for constructing a shock wave damping curve have been developed. An approach for calculating the radius of rock destruction based on the results of a laboratory experiment is proposed, which can be used in practice to improve the efficiency and environmental safety of mining production.